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Octavius offers his sister to Antony as a wife: "Let her live/To join our kingdoms and our hearts; and never/Fly off our loves again." Far from being a bond of love, the marriage serves a utilitarian function for Caesar to keep Antony close to him. Also related is Antony’s heroism contrasting with the Octavius’ utilitarian values, contributing to his fall as a character and a representation of the old heroic ideal.
Romantic Tragedy
History and Roman Play
Cleopatra
Departing from previous structure, domestic tragedy in Antony and Cleopatra is portrayed alongside a broader social representation. Drawing from Plutarch's source Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romanes, Shakespeare continues where he left off in Julius and Caesar. The rising of a new Rome [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], led by Octavius Caesar, and described as calculative and political [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], is a key feature in the play, as an opposing force to at least four parties:
Pompey
Octavius tries to deceive Cleopatra that she will be cared for [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], while planning to display her as her captive: "an Egyptian puppet shall be shown/In Rome, as well as I." Only through death does Cleopatra manage to escape his bonds.
Another potential focus would be the fall of Antony, the last remnant of an ancient heroic Roman world. To Walter Cohen, "the play investigates the possibility of heroic action in a post-heroic world." Antony still strives for glory: "I and my sword will earn our chronicle", yet his personal courage is useless against Octavius’s. The loss of war is accompanied by the betrayal of Cleopatra’s fleet and also her love.
Lepidus is also eventually betrayed. His drunk behaviour during the celebrations is contrast with Octavius’s refusal to even drink reflect Octavius’s superior conniving nature over his other members of the triumvate.
The defeated hero finally realizes his past victories are over: "Fortune and Antony part here", and his identity is also lost: "Here I am Antony,/Yet cannot hold this visible shape." For Harold Bloom, "Pathos and grandeur mingle inextricably as the prodigal Antony shatters", which perhaps best describes the effect of his fall.
Read on
Egyptian Love Portrayed in Antony and Cleopatra
The Battle of Actium
Shakespeare's Main Story Sources
Lepidus
The presentation of Augustan Rome is not merely a backdrop for a domestic tragedy. Rather, it can be seen in its own right as a concern.
Another point to make is that although Antony and Cleopatra involves Romans, it was played for Englishmen who would manage to identify in some way with the characters on stage. Shakespea
Personal Tragedy
Attempting to pinpoint the place Antony and Cleopatra occupies within Shakespeare's plays proves difficult.
In the spirit of Romeo and Juliet, the play could be viewed as a romantic tragedy about the story of two "star-crossed lovers", whose love is unable to find fulfillment in life, only reaching its consummation in death. This might be portrayed both in the way Cleopatra calls out to him as she prepares for death: "Husband, I come." Nevertheless, the nature of their love is presented as more profound and problematic than one might expect.
Antony
Pompey’s rejects the offer to double cross the triumvate whom he has declared peace with. "Tis not my profit that does lead mine honour;/Mine honour, it." Octavius’s willingness presents the irony that the ruler is the one who is manipulative and efficient, rather than the pirate.
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